Université
Paris Cité

 

 

• Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua and Raouf Boutaba, "Vehicle Sound Recognition Assistance in IoT Systems for Hearing-Impaired Drivers", IEEE Internet of Things Magazine. 2025.
• Yifei Zhang, Xinchen Liu, Yan Chen, Linyao Xie, Hongbo Wang, Osman Salem: "SPSO-Pruner: a network pruning method on YOLOv5 for fewer categories scenarios". Multim. Tools Appl. 83(4): 11493-11506 (2024).
• Osman Salem, Khalid Alsubhi, Aymen Shaafi, Mostafa Gheryani, Ahmed Mehaoua and Raouf Boutaba, "Man-in-the-Middle Attack Mitigation in Internet of Medical Things". IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, (Impact Factor 10.215), vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 2053-2062, 2022, doi: 10.1109/TII.2021.3089462.
• Osman Salem, Khalid Alsubhi, Ahmed Mehaoua, Raouf Boutaba, "Markov Models for Anomaly Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks for Secure Health Monitoring". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 526-540, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2020.3020602.
• Osman Salem, Khalid Alsubhi, Ahmed Mehaoua, Raouf Boutaba, "Nocturnal Epileptic Seizures Detection Using Inertial and Muscular Sensors". IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (TMC), vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2913-2925, 1 Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2018.2883451.
• Osman Salem, Ahmed Serhrouchni, Ahmed Mehaoua, Raouf Boutaba, "Event Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks Using Kalman Filter and Power Divergence". IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (TNSM), vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1018-1034, Sept. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TNSM.2018.2842195.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detection of Faulty Measurements in WBANs using Gaussian, Mixture Model and Ant Colony", International Journal on E-health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), vol. 5, No. 4, pages 20-38, 2014.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, Ahmed Mehaoua, and Raouf Boutaba, "Anomaly Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks for Reliable Healthcare Monitoring", IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics (J-BHI), vol. 18, No. 5, pages 1541-1551, 2014.
• Osman Salem, Alexey Guerassimov, Ahmed Mehaoua, Anthony Marcus, Borko Furht, "Anomaly Detection in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks using SVM and Linear Regression Models", International Journal on E-health and Medical Communications (IJEHMC), vol. 5, No. 1, pages 20-45, 2014.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Anomaly Detection in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", Journal of Computing Science and Engineering (JCSE), vol. 7, No. 4, p. 272-284, December 2013.
• Anthony Marcus, Ionut Cardei, Borko Furht, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua. "A Mobile Device Prototype Application for the Detection and Prediction of Node Faults in Wireless Sensor Networks", International Journal of Soft Computing and Software Engineering (JSCSE 2013).
• Osman Salem, Sandrine Vaton, Annie Gravey,"A scalable, efficient and informative approach for anomaly-based Intrusion Detection Systems: theory and practice". International Journal of Network Management (IJNM 2010), vol 20, issue 5, pages 271-293, Wiley 2010.

• Philippe Ea, Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Internet of medical things for accurate and sustainable medical decision making in heart disease management", in Book: Sensor Networks for Smart Hospitals, elsevier, chapter 15, 2025
• Osman Salem, Philippe EA, Ahmed Mehaoua, and Raouf Boutaba, "Real-Time Sign Language Recognition Based on Motion Gesture Identification using Wireless Body Area Sensors, Thomas S. Clary, In Book: Horizons in Computer Science Research, 24, Nova Science and Technology, 2024.
• Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Ephemeral Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman to Secure Data Exchange in Internet of Medical Things", Emerging Trends in Cybersecurity Applications. Springer, Cham, 2023. p. 3-20.
• Osman Salem, Alexey Guerassimov, Ahmed Mehaoua, Anthony Marcus and Borko Furht. "Anomaly Detection Scheme for Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", Handbook of Medical and Healthcare Technologies, Chapter 8, Springer 2013.

• Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua,"Supporting Healthcare Professionals with Machine Learning for Early Detection of Breast Cancer", 2025 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2025), Montreal, Canada, 2025.
• Abdelkader Tounsi, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua: "Anomaly Detection in Federated Learning: A Comprehensive Study on Data Poisoning and Energy Consumption Patterns in IoT Devices". CIoT 2024: 1-8, Montreal, Canada.
• Quôc Vo, Philippe Ea, Selma Benzouaoua, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua: "Anomaly Detection in IoT Sensor Energy Consumption Using LSTM Neural Networks and Isolation Forest". CIoT 2024: 1-8, Montreal, Canada.
• Jiahui Xiang, Osman Salem and Ahmed Meahoua, "Keyword-Driven Email Classification: Leveraging Machine Learning Techniques", 6th International Conference on Machine Learning for Networking (MLN’2024), Reims, France.
• Jiahui Xiang, Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Secure Blockchain-based Single Sign-On with Zero-Knowledge Proof Authentication", 2025 Global Information Infrastructure and Networking Symposium (GIIS), Dubai, UAE, 2025.
• Abdelkader Tounsi and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Robust Federated Learning Against Data Poisoning: A Split Learning-Based Approach Evaluated on Various Aggregation Techniques", IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (IEEE Healthcom), 2024, Nara, Japan.
• Philippe Ea and Quôc Vo and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Unsupervised Anomaly Detection in IoMT Based on Clustering and Online, Learning", IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (IEEE Healthcom), 2024, Nara, Japan.
• Philippe Ea and Quôc Vo and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Smart Healthcare: IoMT-Based Detection and Classification of Respiratory Disorders", IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (IEEE Healthcom), 2024, Nara, Japan.
• Selma Benzouaoua and Philippe Ea and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Comparative Analysis of ML and DL Approaches for Securing IoMT", IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (IEEE Healthcom), 2024, Nara, Japan.
• Quôc Vo, Philippe Ea, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Predicting Heart Disease with Random Forest: An In-Depth Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques for Early Detection and Risk Assessment", IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application & Services (IEEE Healthcom), 2024, Nara, Japan.
• Philippe Ea and Quôc Vo and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Is Deep Learning a Better Option than Random Forest for Encrypted Traffic, Classification?" IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Normandy, France, 2024
• Quôc Vo and Philippe Ea and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detecting Network Anomalies in NetFlow Traffic with Machine Learning Algorithms", IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Normandy, France, 2024
• Amel Boudrega, Selma Benzouaoua, Philippe Ea, Osman Salem, and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Conception of an Autonomous Dynamic Analysis System for Android Malwares", 2024 Asian conference on Communication and Networks (AsianComNet), Bangkok, Thailand, 2024
• Philippe Ea and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Advanced Unsupervised Anomaly Detection for IoT Security Using Generative Adversarial Networks", Tenth International Conference on Communications and Electronics (IEEE ICCE 2024), 2024, Danang, Vietnam.
• Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua and Raouf Boutaba, "Soft Voting for Anomaly Detection in Internet of Medical Things", 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference: Selected Areas in Communications: E-Health (Globecom2023 SAC EH), 2023.
• Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Heart Disease Detection using the Internet of Medical Things", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23).
• Mohamed Yanis Sadaoui and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Security Assessment of Bluetooth Just Works Pairing Method: Vulnerabilities and Enhancements", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23), 2023.
• Mickael Mohammed and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Graph Neural Networks for Anomaly Detection in Internet of Medical Things", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23), 2023.
• Riad Mohamed Ziani and Amel Khamoum and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Using genetic algorithms to detect intrusions for IoT systems", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23), 2023.
• Rym Moussaoui and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Analysis of Different Machine Learning Models for Diabetes Prediction", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23), 2023.
• Benassou Lina Feriel and Safa Bendaouia and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detection of Cyberbullying in Online Comments Latest Advances and Challenges", 2023 IEEE International Conference on E-health Networking, Application \& Services (Healthcom) (IEEE Healthcom 23), 2023.
• Salmi Younes and Debabha Ramzi and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Automated Detection and Response to Cyberbullying Using Machine Learning", 2023 International Conference on Digital Applications, Transformation \& Economy (ICDATE) (ICDATE 2023), 2023.
• Mohamed El Hadi Haouari and Abdelkader Tounsi and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Multimodal cyber-harassment detection", 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC): Trust, Security and Privacy (ISNCC-2023 TSP), 2023.
• Mohamed Yanis Sadaoui and Sirine Hamza and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Bluetooth Just Works: Security and Vulnerability", 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC): Wireless and Mobile Networks (ISNCC-2023 WMN), 2023.
• Chihi Imen and Emmanuel Pajiep Njopnang and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detecting Bullying Tweets with LSTM and NLP: A Deep Learning Approach", in 33th Cryptology and Information Security Conference 2023 (CISC 2023), Chiayi, Taiwan.
• Mickael Mohammed and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Artificial intelligence for anomaly detection in IoMTs", 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC): Internet of Everything and Sensor Networks (ISNCC-2023 IoE-SN), 2023.
• Rym Moussaoui and Djihane Oum Keltoum Harouni and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Dual Autoencoders for Network-based Detection of BaIoT Attacks", 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC) (ISNCC-2023), Doha, Qatar.
• Sara Zekri and Osman Salem and Aimen Silakhal and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Cyberbullying Detection through Acoustic and Linguistic Analysis", 2023 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC): Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (ISNCC-2023 AIML), 2023.
• Philippe Ea, Paul Vidart, Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Cyberbullying Messages Detection: A Comparative Study of Machine Learning Algorithms", 2023 IEEE 48th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), Daytona Beach, FL, USA, 2023, doi: 10.1109/LCN58197.2023.10223394.
• Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, Raouf Boutaba," The Sight for Hearing: An IoT-Based System to Assist Drivers with Hearing Disability". ISCC 2023: 1305-1310
• Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua. "A Secure Framework for Remote Healthcare Monitoring using the Internet of Medical Things". 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’2022), May 2022.
• Aymen Shaafi, Osman Salem, Mostafa Gheryani, Ahmed Mehaoua. "Wireless Body Sensor Networks for Sign Language Recognition with Real-time Data Analysis". 2022 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’2022), May 2022.
• Aymen Shaafi, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Fall Detection for Elderly Person Monitoring using Wearable Inertial Sensors and Locality Sensitive Hashing". 8th International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security (IOTSMS), 2021, 2021, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/IOTSMS53705.2021.9704953.
• Mostafa Gheryani, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Epileptic Seizures Detection based on Inertial and Physiological Data from Wireless Body Sensors". 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC’2020), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICC40277.2020.9148676.
• Aymen Shaafi, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Improving the Recognition of Sign Language from Acquired Data by Wireless Body Area Network". 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC’2020), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ISCC50000.2020.9219698.
• Aymen Shaafi, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Improving Human Activity Recognition Algorithms using Wireless Body Sensors and SVM". 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC), 2020, pp. 607-612, doi: 10.1109/IWCMC48107.2020.9148175.
• Mostafa Gheryani, Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detection of Nocturnal Epileptic Seizures from Wireless Inertial Measurements and Muscular Activity", IEEE GLOBECOM 2017, Singapore, 2017.
• Mostafa Gheryani, Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "An Effective Approach for Epileptic Seizures Detection from Multi-Sensors Integrated in an Armband", IEEE 19th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2017), 2017, p. 365-370, Dalian, China.
• David Katz and Lassad Ben Hafsia and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Intelligent Remote Control of Smart Home Devices using Physiological Parameters", 17th International Conference on E-health Networking, Application and Services (IEEE Healthcom'15), 2015, P. 280-285, Boston, USA.
• Mohamed Tahar Hammi and Osman Salem and Ahmed Mehaoua, "An EMG-Based Human-Machine Interface to Control Multimedia Player", 17th International Conference on E-health Networking, Application and Services (IEEE Healthcom'15), 2015, p. 274 - 279, Boston, USA.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Pervasive Detection of Sleep Apnea using Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2014), 2014, p. 359-364.
• Osman Salem and Yacine Rebhi and Abdelkrim Boumaza and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detection of Nocturnal Epileptic Seizures Using Wireless 3-D Accelerometer Sensors", IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2014), 2014, p. 182-187.
• Medina Hadjem, Osman Salem and Farid Nait-Abdesselam, "An ECG Monitoring System For Prediction Of Cardiac Anomalies Using WBAN", IEEE 16th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2014), 2014, p. 365-370.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Anomaly Detection in Medical WSNs Using Enclosing Ellipse and Chi-square Distance", IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC'14), pages 3664-3669, 2014.
• Osman Salem, Amal Nassem, and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Epileptic Seizure Detection From EEG Signal Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Ant Colony Classifier", IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC'14), pages 3529-3534, 2014.
• Amal Naseem, Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Reliable Vital Sign Collection in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2013), 2013, p. 303-307.
• Medina Hadjem, Osman Salem, Farid Naït Abdesselam, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Early Detection of Myocardial Infarction Using WBAN", IEEE 15th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services (IEEE Healthcom 2013), 2013, p. 137-141.
• Osman Salem and Yaning Liu and Ahmed Mehaoua, "Detection and Isolation of Faulty Measurements in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", First International Symposium on Future Information and Communication Technologies for Ubiquitous HealthCare (Ubi-HealthTech 2013), 2013.
• Osman Salem, Alexey Guerassimov, Ahmed Mehaoua, Anthony Marcus and Borko Furht, "Sensor Fault and Patient Anomaly Detection and Classification in Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE International Conference on Communications (IEEE ICC 2013), pp. 2966 - 2971.
• Osman Salem, Yaning Liu, Ahmed Mehaoua, "A Lightweight Anomaly Detection Framework for Medical Wireless Sensor Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC2013, 2013, pp. 4360 - 4363.
• Anthony Marcus, Ionut Cardei, Borko Furht, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua , "A Mobile Device Prototype Application for the Detection and Prediction of Node Faults in Wireless Sensor Networks", International Conference on Soft Computing and Software Engineeing (SCSE 2013).
• Ali Makke, Osman Salem, Mohamad Assaad, Hassine Moungla, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Flooding Attacks Detection in Backbone Traffic Using Power Divergence", The 7th ACM International Workshop on Performance Monitoring, Measurement and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Wireless and Wired Networks (2012) (PM2HW2N'12), October 2012, Paphos, Cyprus.
• Osman Salem, Farid Nait-abdesselam, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Anomaly Detection in Network Traffic Using Jensen-Shannon Divergence", in IEEE International Conference on Communication (ICC'12), June 2012, Ottawa, Canada.
• Hassine Moungla, Nora Touati, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "A Min-Max multi-commodity flow model for Wireless Body Area Networks routing", in IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC 2012), January 2012.
• Osman Salem, Ali MAKKE, Jean TAJER, Ahmed Mehaoua, "Flooding Attacks Detection in Traffic of Backbone Networks", in 36^th IEEE Local Computer Networks (LCN’11), Bonn, Germany, pages 441-449, October 2011.
• Jean TAJER, Ali MAKKE, Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, "A Comparison Between divergence measures for Network Anomaly Detection", in 7^thInternational Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM’11), pages 1-5, October 2011.
• Osman Salem, Ahmed Mehaoua, Sandrine Vaton, Annie Gravey, "Flooding Attacks Detectin and Victim Identification over High Speed Networks", IEEE Global Information Infrastructure Symposium GIIS 2009, Tunisia, June 2009.
• O. Salem, L. Carminati, A-S.Bacquet, P. Corlay, F-X. Coudoux, C.Deknudt, M.Gazalet, M.Gharbi, M.Zwingelstein, M. Guarisco, H. Rabah, Y.Berviller, S.Weber, A. Senoussaoui, E. Renan, "TOSCANE: TOwards SCalable Audiovisual Communication Networks", IEEE Global Information Infrastructure Symposium GIIS 2009, Tunisia, Juin 2009.
• L Carminati, AS Bacquet, C Deknudt, P Corlay, M Gharbi, M Zwingelstein-Colin, M Gazalet, FX Coudoux, Y Berviller, M Guarisco, H Rabah, S Weber, O Salem, A Senoussaoui, A Mehaoua, " TOSCANE-optimised transmission of scalable video in terms of source/channel codings", International Broadcasting Conference (IBC'09), 2009.
• Sajjad Ali MUSHTAQ, Osman Salem, Christophe LOHR, Annie Gravey, "Policy-Based QoS Management for Multimedia Communication", 14^th Eunice Open European Summer School, Telecom Bretagne, Brest, France, September 2008.
• Sajjad Ali MUSHTAQ, Osman Salem, Christophe LOHR, Annie Gravey, "Distributed Call Admission Control in SIP Based Multimedia Communication", NEM'08: Networked & Electronic Media,Palais du Grand Large, Saint-Malo, France, October 2008.
• Osman Salem, Sandrine Vaton, Annie Gravey, "An Efficient Online Anomalies Detection Mechanism for High-Speed networks", IEEE/IST Workshop on Monitoring, Attack detection and Mitigation (MonAM'07), Toulouse, France, November 2007.
• Osman Salem, Sandrine Vaton, Annie Gravey, "A Novel Approach for Anomaly detection over High-Speed Networks", in Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Defense (EC2ND'07), Heraklion, Greece, October 2007.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "Towards Absolute QoS in Ad Hoc Networks", In the Proceedings of IEEE Advanced International Conference on Telecommunications (AICT'06), Gouadeloupe, French Caribbean, February 2006.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "End-to-End QoS in Ad Hoc Networks",In the Proceedings of the International IEEE/IFIP conference on Wireless On demand Network Systems and Services (WONS’06), Ménuires, France, Janvier 2006.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "Modelling and Analyzing Dynamic Source Routing Protocol with General Distribution". In the Proceeding of the 11^th international conference on Analytical and Stochastic Modelling Techniques and Applications, Magedeburg, Germany, p. 173-179, June 2004.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "An Algebraic Model of an Adaptive Extension of DiffServ for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks". In Network Control and Engineering (IFIP’04), Palma de Mallorca, Spain, November 2004.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "Functional Modelling and Performance Evaluation for Two Class DiffServ Router using Stochastic Process Algebra". In the Proceedings of the 17th European Simulation Multiconference 2003 (ESM 2003), Nottingham - UK, p. 257-262, June 2003.
• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "A Software Performance Evaluation Approach Using Stochastic Process Algebra Tools". In the Proceedings of the International Multi Conference in Computer Science and Engineering, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, p. 140-145, June 2003.

• Osman Salem, Abdelmalek Benzekri, "Modélisation et évaluation de performances en exploitant l'algèbre des processus stochastiques. In 8^ième Atelier d'Evaluation de Performances, Reims, France, 16/05/03-21/05/03, CNRS GDR ARP, p. 85-99, mai 2003.

Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches - HDR

• Osman Salem, " Anomaly Detection in Wireless Body Area Networks for Reliable Healthcare Monitoring", Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches (HDR), Université Paris Descartes, Avril 2017, Paris, France.

Ph.D. Thesis

• Osman Salem, "Modélisation Algébrique et évaluation de performances des mécanismes de gestion de la qualité de service dans les réseaux Ad Hoc", Université Paul Sabatier, Institut de Recherche en Informatique de Toulouse, 2006.